Hipertensión pulmonar como presentación en mieloma múltiple / Pulmonary hypertension as presentation in multiple myeloma

El mieloma múltiple es una enfermedad oncohematológica, que representa el 15% de las enfermedades hematológicas malignas. La edad media de aparición es entre los 65-70 años, siendo muy poco frecuente en pacientes jóvenes; 2% son menores de 40 años. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 36 años con antecedente de tabaquismo de 20 paquetes año. Consultó por disnea asociada a signos de insuficiencia cardíaca derecha, anemia, proteinuria, elevación de reactantes de fase aguda y patrón sugestivo de restricción moderadamente grave en la espirometría y caída de la capacidad de difusión de monóxido de carbono (DLco). El ecocardiograma doppler evidenció dilatación de cavidades derechas y signos de hipertensión pulmonar que se confirmó con cateterismo cardiaco derecho. En busca de la etiología se arribó al diagnóstico de mieloma múltiple.

Multiple myeloma is a hematologic disease, which accounts for 15% of hematologic malignancies. The average age of onset is between 65-70 years and is very rare in young patients, as 2% are under 40 years old. We present a case of 36-year-old women with history of 20 pack years (p/y) smoking, who complaints of dyspnea associated with signs of right cardiac overload, anemia, proteinuria, elevated acute phase reactants and spirometry pattern suggestive of moderately-severe restriction and severe drop in diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Echocardiogram evidence dilated right heart cavities and signs of pulmonary hypertension which is confirmed by right heart catheterization. In search of the etiology we arrive to the diagnosis of multiple myeloma.

Severe pulmonary hypertension due to combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: another cause of death among smokers

In 2005, the combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) was first defined as a distinct entity, which comprised centrilobular or paraseptal emphysema in the upper pulmonary lobes, and fibrosis in the lower lobes accompanied by reduced diffused capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Recently, the fibrosis associated with the connective tissue disease was also included in the diagnosis of CPFE, although the exposure to tobacco, coal, welding, agrochemical compounds, and tire manufacturing are the most frequent causative agents. This entity characteristically presents reduced DLCO with preserved lung volumes and severe pulmonary hypertension, which is not observed in emphysema and fibrosis alone. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman with a history of heavy tobacco smoking abuse, who developed progressive dyspnea, severe pulmonary hypertension, and cor pulmonale over a 2-year period. She attended the emergency facility several times complaining of worsening dyspnea that was treated as decompensate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The imaging examination showed paraseptal emphysema in the upper pulmonary lobes and fibrosis in the middle and lower lobes. The echo Doppler cardiogram revealed the dilation of the right cardiac chambers and pulmonary hypertension, which was confirmed by pulmonary trunk artery pressure measurement by catheterization. During this period, she was progressively restricted to the minimal activities of daily life and dependent on caregivers. She was brought to the hospital neurologically obtunded, presenting anasarca, and respiratory failure, which led her to death. The autopsy showed signs of pulmonary hypertension and findings of fibrosis and emphysema in the histological examination of the lungs. The authors highlight the importance of the recognition of this entity in case of COPD associated with severe pulmonary hypertension of unknown cause.

Tyrosine phosphorylation of Kv1. 5 is upregulated in intrauterine growth retardation rats with exaggerated pulmonary hypertension

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with the development of adult-onset diseases, including pulmonary hypertension. However, the underlying mechanism of the early nutritional insult that results in pulmonary vascular dysfunction later in life is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the role of tyrosine phosphorylation of voltage-gated potassium channel 1.5 (Kv1.5) in this prenatal event that results in exaggerated adult vascular dysfunction. A rat model of chronic hypoxia (2 weeks of hypoxia at 12 weeks old) following IUGR was used to investigate the physiological and structural effect of intrauterine malnutrition on the pulmonary artery by evaluating pulmonary artery systolic pressure and vascular diameter in male rats. Kv1.5 expression and tyrosine phosphorylation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were determined. We found that IUGR increased mean pulmonary artery pressure and resulted in thicker pulmonary artery smooth muscle layer in 14-week-old rats after 2 weeks of hypoxia, while no difference was observed in normoxia groups. In the PASMCs of IUGR-hypoxia rats, Kv1.5 mRNA and protein expression decreased while that of tyrosine-phosphorylated Kv1.5 significantly increased. These results demonstrate that IUGR leads to exaggerated chronic hypoxia pulmonary arterial hypertension (CH-PAH) in association with decreased Kv1.5 expression in PASMCs. This phenomenon may be mediated by increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Kv1.5 in PASMCs and it provides new insight into the prevention and treatment of IUGR-related CH-PAH.

Fractal Dimension in Quantifying Experimental-Pulmonary-Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats / Dimensão Fractal na Quantificação da Disfunção Cardíaca Induzida por Hipertensão Pulmonar Experimental em Ratos

Abstract Background: Right-sided heart failure has high morbidity and mortality, and may be caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension. Fractal dimension is a differentiated and innovative method used in histological evaluations that allows the characterization of irregular and complex structures and the quantification of structural tissue changes. Objective: To assess the use of fractal dimension in cardiomyocytes of rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension, in addition to providing histological and functional analysis. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: control (C; n = 8) and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (M; n = 8). Five weeks after pulmonary arterial hypertension induction with monocrotaline, echocardiography was performed and the animals were euthanized. The heart was dissected, the ventricles weighed to assess anatomical parameters, and histological slides were prepared and stained with hematoxylin/eosin for fractal dimension analysis, performed using box-counting method. Data normality was tested (Shapiro-Wilk test), and the groups were compared with non-paired Student t test or Mann Whitney test (p < 0.05). Results: Higher fractal dimension values were observed in group M as compared to group C (1.39 ± 0.05 vs. 1.37 ± 0.04; p < 0.05). Echocardiography showed lower pulmonary artery flow velocity, pulmonary acceleration time and ejection time values in group M, suggesting function worsening in those animals. Conclusion: The changes observed confirm pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-induced cardiac dysfunction, and point to fractal dimension as an effective method to evaluate cardiac morphological changes induced by ventricular dysfunction.

Resumo Fundamento: Insuficiência cardíaca direita apresenta grande morbimortalidade e pode ser causada por hipertensão arterial pulmonar. Um método diferenciado e inovador utilizado em avaliações histológicas é a dimensão fractal, que permite a caracterização de estruturas irregulares e complexas e pode quantificar alterações estruturais dos tecidos. Objetivo: Avaliar a utilização do método da dimensão fractal nos cardiomiócitos de ratos com hipertensão arterial pulmonar induzida por monocrotalina, associada com análise histológica e funcional. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em 2 grupos: controle (C; n = 8) e hipertensão arterial pulmonar induzida por monocrotalina (M; n = 8). Após 5 semanas da indução da hipertensão arterial pulmonar pela monocrotalina, foi realizado ecocardiograma. Os animais foram eutanasiados, o coração dissecado e os ventrículos pesados para avaliação dos parâmetros anatômicos. Lâminas histológicas foram confeccionadas, coradas com hematoxilina/eosina para análise da dimensão fractal, realizada pelo método box-counting . Inicialmente foi testada a normalidade dos dados (teste Shapiro Wilk) e a comparação entre os grupos foi por meio do teste t de Student não pareado ou teste de Mann Whitney (p < 0,05). Resultados: Maiores valores da dimensão fractal foram observados no grupo M em comparação ao C (1,43 ± 0,06 vs. 1,37 ± 0,04; p < 0,05). O ecocardiograma apontou menores valores no grupo M para velocidade máxima pulmonar, tempo de aceleração pulmonar e tempo de ejeção, sugerindo piora funcional nesses animais, que também apresentaram hipertrofia cardíaca. Conclusão: As alterações observadas comprovam a disfunção cardíaca induzida pela hipertensão arterial pulmonar e apontam que a dimensão fractal é um método eficaz para avaliar alterações morfológicas cardíacas induzidas pela disfunção ventricular.

Palliative Senning in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease with Severe Pulmonary Hypertension / Senning Paliativo no Tratamento de Cardiopatias Congênitas com Hipertensāo Pulmonar Grave

Background:Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is the most common cyanotic cardiopathy, with an incidence ranging between 0.2 and 0.4 per 1000 live births. Many patients not treated in the first few months of life may progress with severe pulmonary vascular disease. Treatment of these patients may include palliative surgery to redirect the flow at the atrial level.Objective:Report our institutional experience with the palliative Senning procedure in children diagnosed with TGA and double outlet right ventricle with severe pulmonary vascular disease, and to evaluate the early and late clinical progression of the palliative Senning procedure.Methods:Retrospective study based on the evaluation of medical records in the period of 1991 to 2014. Only patients without an indication for definitive surgical treatment of the cardiopathy due to elevated pulmonary pressure were included.Results:After one year of follow-up there was a mean increase in arterial oxygen saturation from 62.1% to 92.5% and a mean decrease in hematocrit from 49.4% to 36.3%. Lung histological analysis was feasible in 16 patients. In 8 patients, pulmonary biopsy grades 3 and 4 were evidenced.Conclusion:The palliative Senning procedure improved arterial oxygen saturation, reduced polycythemia, and provided a better quality of life for patients with TGA with ventricular septal defect, severe pulmonary hypertension, and poor prognosis.

Fundamento:A transposição das grandes artérias (TGA) é a cardiopatia cianogênica mais comum, com incidência variando de 0,2 a 0,4 por 1000 nascidos vivos. Muitos dos pacientes não tratados nos primeiros meses de vida podem evoluir com doença vascular pulmonar grave, e um método terapêutico para o tratamento desses pacientes pode ser realizado por meio de uma cirurgia paliativa para redirecionamento do fluxo em nível atrial.Objetivo:Relatar a experiência institucional com a cirurgia de Senning paliativo em crianças com diagnóstico de TGA e dupla via de saída do ventrículo direito com doença vascular pulmonar severa. Avaliar, também, a evolução clínica precoce e tardia da operação de Senning paliativo.Métodos:Estudo retrospectivo, baseado na avaliação de prontuários no período de 1991 a 2014. Somente pacientes sem indicação para o tratamento cirúrgico definitivo da cardiopatia em razão de elevadas pressões pulmonares.Resultados:Evidenciou-se após um ano de evolução um aumento médio da saturação arterial de oxigênio de 62,1% para 92,5% e uma redução média do hematócrito de 49,4% para 36,3%. A análise da histologia pulmonar foi possível em 16 pacientes. Em oito pacientes foi evidenciada lesão pulmonar grau 3 e 4.Conclusão:A cirurgia de Senning paliativo melhorou a saturação de oxigênio arterial, reduziu a policitemia e proporcionou uma melhora da qualidade de vida em pacientes com TGA com comunicação interventricular, os quais possuíam hipertensão pulmonar severa com prognóstico fechado.

Hipertensión pulmonar asociada a cardiopatías congénitas y síndrome de Eisenmenger / Pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart disease and Eisenmenger syndrome

La hipertensión arterial pulmonar es una complicación frecuente de las cardiopatías congénitas (CC). Es reconocido que las CC son las malformaciones más frecuentes al nacimiento con una prevalencia que va de 6 a 8 por 1,000 recién nacidos vivos. En nuestro país se calcula que cada año nacen de 12,000 a 16,000 niños con algún tipo de malformación cardiaca. En los pacientes no corregidos con cortocircuitos de izquierda a derecha el aumento de la presión pulmonar provoca incremento en las resistencias pulmonares y desencadena una disfunción endotelial y remodelación vascular, consecuencia de alteraciones en los mediadores vasoactivos que provocan vasoconstricción, inflamación, trombosis, proliferación y apoptosis celular así como fibrosis. Como consecuencia hay un incremento progresivo de las resistencias pulmonares y de la presión del ventrículo derecho. Finalmente ocurre que el flujo sanguíneo se invierte y se desarrolla el síndrome de Eisenmenger, la forma más avanzada de hipertensión arterial pulmonar consecutiva a CC. La frecuencia de hipertensión arterial pulmonar secundaria a CC ha disminuido en países desarrollados no así en países en vías de desarrollo tanto por un diagnóstico tardío como por falta de infraestructura hospitalaria o de recursos humanos para la atención de los pacientes portadores de CC. Con el advenimiento del tratamiento farmacológico para la hipertensión arterial pulmonar, se han vislumbrado nuevas oportunidades terapéuticas, siendo cada vez más cotidiano que se sumen al tratamiento intervencionista o quirúrgico en pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar secundaria a CC. Se requiere conocer los factores fisiopatológicos involucrados así como llevar a cabo una cuidadosa evaluación para definir la mejor estrategia terapéutica.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a common complication of congenital heart disease (CHD). Congenital cardiopathies are the most frequent congenital malformations. The prevalence in our country remains unknown, based on birthrate, it is calculated that 12,000 to 16,000 infants in our country have some cardiac malformation. In patients with an uncorrected left-to-right shunt, increased pulmonary pressure leads to vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction secondary to an imbalance in vasoactive mediators which promotes vasoconstriction, inflammation, thrombosis, cell proliferation, impaired apotosis and fibrosis. The progressive rise in pulmonary vascular resistance and increased pressures in the right heart provocated reversal of the shunt may arise with the development of Eisenmenger' syndrome the most advanced form de Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease. The prevalence of Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with CHD has fallen in developed countries in recent years that is not yet achieved in developing countries therefore diagnosed late as lack of hospital infrastructure and human resources for the care of patients with CHD. With the development of targeted medical treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension, the concept of a combined medical and interventional/surgical approach for patients with Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with CHD is a reality. We need to know the pathophysiological factors involved as well as a careful evaluation to determine the best therapeutic strategy.

Hipertensión pulmonar asociada a HIV / HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension

La hipertensión pulmonar (HP) es una patología grave, que si bien es infrecuente, en los pacientes HIV+ se presenta hasta 12 ve-ces más que en la población general; su diagnóstico precoz, en pa-cientes asintomáticos o con síntomas leves brinda la posibilidad de un tratamiento específico que mejora sustancialmente el pronóstico en estos pacientes. Si bien la fisiopatología de la HP asociada a HIV permanece descono-cida y se considera de origen multifactorial, existe evidencia de que distintas proteínas virales juegan un importante rol en su génesis. En todo paciente HIV+ con disnea a mínimos esfuerzos se debe descar-tar junto con otras etiologías la HP. El método de screening inicial es el ecodoppler cardíaco y la confirmación se realiza mediante catete-rización cardiaca derecha. Es imprescindible tanto el tratamiento es-pecífico como la instauración precoz del TARV al diagnóstico, como así manejarse en conjunto con equipos con experiencia en esta pa-tología

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious condition, although it is uncommon in HIV + patients presented up to 12 times more than in the general population; its early diagnosis in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic offers the possibility of a treatment specific substantially improve prognosis in these patients.Although the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension associated with HIV remains unknown and is considered multifactorial, there is evidence that different viral proteins play an important role in its genesis. In any patient with dyspnea on minimal exertion should be discarded along with other etiologies of PH. The initial screening method is the heart doppler and confirmation is done by right heart catheterization. It is essential to both the specific treatment as early institution of ART at diagnosis; as well it handled in conjunction with experienced teams in this pathology

Hipertensión pulmonar en el lupus eritematoso sistémico / Pulmonary hypertension associated with systemic lupus erythematosus

La hipertensión pulmonar (HP) es una forma grave de complicación cardiopulmonar que se presenta ocasionalmente en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES). Los síntomas son inespecíficos y se requiere un alto grado de presunción clínica además de estudios avanzados de imágenes para confirmar el diagnóstico. Hay varias causas potenciales de HP en el LES incluyendo tromboembolismo y enfermedad intersticial pulmonar, además de un tipo de HP indistinguible del encontrado en la HP pulmonar idiopática. Existen diferentes anticuerpos asociados con la presencia de HP en el LES; se destacan los relacionados con el síndrome por anticuerpos antifosfolípidos, los anti-Sm y los anti-La/SSB. En pacientes iberoamericanos (México), la HP es una manifestación tardía del LES y correlaciona directamente con la enfermedad renal activa, el grado de actividad global y la concentración de proteína C-reactiva en suero. En adición al tratamiento estándar de la HP, el tratamiento de estos pacientes incluye el uso de glucocorticoides, inmunosupresores convencionales y noveles, prostaciclinas y los inhibidores de fosfodiesterasas y de endotelina-1. La identificación temprana y la instauración de un tratamiento eficaz pueden modificar la historia natural de esta complicación que constituye una amenaza para la vida.

Hipertensão arterial pulmonar hereditária apresentando-se como venopatia oclusiva / Occlusive venopathy phenotype in hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension / Hipertensión arterial pulmonar hereditaria presentándose como venopatía oclusiva

Um homem de 33 anos com hipertensão arterial pulmonar hereditária teve um diagnóstico confirmado de venopatia oclusiva e microvasculopatia. O paciente permaneceu estável por 3 anos e meio recebendo sildenafila via oral, 75 mg 3x/dia (teste de caminhada de seis minutos de 375 m vs 105 m basal), mas necessitou da adição de bosentana (125 mg 2x/dia) posteriormente. A despeito do desfecho fatal após 5 anos, as observações sugerem um utilidade potencial dos vasodilatadores como uma ponte para o transplante de pulmão em casos selecionados com envolvimento venocapilar significante. A ocorrência de lesões veno-oclusivas e capilares na forma familiar da hipertensão arterial pulmonar enfatiza as dificuldades com a atual classificação da doença.

A 33-year-old male with severe hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension had a confirmed diagnosis of occlusive venopathy and microvasculopathy. He remained stable for three and a half years on oral sildenafil, 75 mg t.i.d. (six-minute walked distance of 375 m vs 105 m at baseline), but required addition of bosentan (125 mg b.i.d.), subsequently. Despite the fatal outcome at five years post-diagnosis, the observations suggest a potential usefulness of vasodilators as a bridge for lung transplant in selected cases with significant venous/capillary involvement. The occurrence of veno-occlusive and capillary lesions in the familial form of pulmonary arterial hypertension reinforces the difficulties with the current classification of the disease.

Un hombre de 33 años con hipertensión arterial pulmonar hereditaria tuvo un diagnóstico confirmado de venopatía oclusiva y microvasculopatía. El paciente permaneció estable 3,5 años recibiendo sildenafila vía oral, 75mg 3x/ día (test de caminata de seis minutos de 375m vs. 105m basal), pero necesitó adición de bosentánana (125mg 2x/día) posteriormente. A despecho del desenlace fatal después de 5 años, las observaciones sugieren una utilidad potencial de los vasodilatadores como un puente para el transplante de pulmón en casos seleccionados con compromiso venocapilar significativo. La ocurrencia de lesiones veno-oclusivas y capilares en la forma familiar de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar enfatiza las dificultades con la actual clasificación de la enfermedad.

Estudio comparativo de estabilidad de tres formulaciones magistrales de Sildenafil bajo la forma de solución, obtenidas a partir de diferentes productos comerciales / Comparative study stability of the three master formulation of Sildenafil solution obtained from differents trademarks

El Sildenafil es un fármaco de comprobada actividad terapéutica en la disfunción eréctil; se encuentra disponible bajo la forma farmacéutica de tabletas de administración oral. En la actualidad se está formulando magistralmente en forma de so lución oral a una concentración de 1mg/ml, para la hipertensión pulmonar (HP), por lo que se ha planteado realizar un estudio de la estabilidad en tres condiciones: ambientales (25±-2 ºC), de refrigeración (5±3 ºC) y exageradas de almacenamiento (40 ºC ± 2 ºC). Los parámetros evaluados fueron apariencia, limpidez, densidad, pH y contenido de sildenafil. El método analítico empleado fue cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC) de fase reversa. La apariencia, los valores de pH y densidad de las soluciones obtenidas se mostraron sin cambios significativos, en las diferentes muestras y condiciones de estudio. En cuanto a los resultados del contenido inicial de sildenafil se obtuvo aproximadamente el 75% en peso al formular la solución, partiendo del comprimido. Cabe señalar que se observó discrepancia en los valores de concentración del sildenafil obtenidos en los diferentes tiempos y condiciones; resultados éstos de esperarse por tratarse de una formulación magistral que parte de comprimidos de diferentes casas comerciales, por lo que este estudio permitió sugerir que la formulación magistral se reformule a la forma farmacéutica de suspensión, para garantizar el contenido de todo el principio activo en la misma.

Sildenafil is a drug with proven therapeutic activity in erectile dysfunction is available under the pharmaceutical form of tablets for oral administration. It is currently being de veloped skillfully in an oral solution at a concentration of 1mg/ml, for pulmonary hypertension (pH), as has been planned to perform a study of stability in three conditions: environmental (25 ± 2 ºC), refrigeration (5 ± 3 ºC) and exaggerated storage (40 °C ± 2 ºC). The parameters evaluated were appearance, clarity, density, pH and content of sildenafil. The analytical method used was high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) reverse phase. The appearance, pH and density of the solutions were no significant changes in the different samples and study conditions. As for the results of the initial content of sildenafil was obtained about 75% by weight in for mulating the solution, based on the tablet. It should be noted that there was discrepancy in the values of concentration of sildenafil obtained at different times and conditions, results they expected because it is a masterly formulation of tablets of different business houses, so this study suggest that the wording allowed masterful be reformulated to the pharmaceutical form of suspension, to ensure the contents of the entire active.

Evaluación ecocardiográfica de origen anómalo de una rama arterial pulmonar desde la porción ascendente de la aorta (hemitruncus) / Echocardiographic evaluation of the anomalous origin of the pulmunary arterial branch from the ascending portion of the aorta (hemitruncus)

El origen anómalo de una de las ramas pulmonares desde la aorta ascendente en vez de ocurrir desde el tronco pulmonar, también conocido como hemitruncus constituye una singularidad cardiovascular congénita muy rara, pues ocurre en aproximadamente 0,05% de todas las forma de cardiopatías congénitas (¹). En la forma más frecuente depresentación de este defecto la rama pulmonar derecha (RPD) emerge directamente de la aorta ascendente en un 70%-80% de los casos (²). La ecocardiografía con Doppler color es el método de mayor utilidad para realizar el diagnóstico, los cortes apicales, paresternales y subcostales en eje corto de grandes vasos así como las visiones supraesternales longitudinales son esenciales para conseguir una completa evaluación del defecto. Presentamos una secuencia de imágenes ecocardiográficas de una paciente que es referida tardíamente a nuestro centro para evaluación cardiológica con historia de cianosis desde el nacimiento, fatiga y episodios repetidos de hemoptisis que resultó ser portadora de un origen anómalo de rama derecha de arterial pulmonar emergiendo desde la aorta ascendente y que desarrolló hipertensión arterial pulmonar en rangos suprasistémicos con resistencia vascular pulmonar también muy elevada.

Anomalous origin of one pulmonary branch from the ascending aorta rather than occurring from the pulmonary trunk, also known as hemitruncus is a very rare congenital cardiovascular entity, which occurs in approximately 0.05% of all forms of congenital heart disease (¹). In the most common presentation of this defect, the right pulmonary branch (RPB) emerges directly from the ascending aorta in 70%-80% of cases (²). Color Doppler echocardiography is the most useful method to establish the diagnosis. Apical, subcostal, and parasternal short axis views of the great vessels and longitudinal suprasternal views are essential for a complete assessment of the defect. We present a sequence of echocardiographic images of a patient referred late to our center for a cardiac evaluation with a history of cyanosis from birth, fatigue and repeated episodes of hemoptysis that resulted from having an anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery branch emerging from the ascending aorta with development of pulmonary arterial hypertension exceeding systemic levels along with very high pulmonary vascular resistance.

Cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnoea.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a form of sleep disordered breathing with a high prevalence rate and is often underdiagnosed. OSA is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias. The presence of OSA may be a strong predictor of fatal cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Increased sympathetic drive, activation of metabolic and inflammatory markers, and impaired vascular function are some of the proposed mechanisms that could explain the association between OSA and cardiovascular diseases. Understanding these mechanisms is important for identifying treatment strategies. The presence of OSA should be considered in clinical practice, especially in patients with CVD. Randomized intervention studies are needed to establish whether early identification and treatment of OSA patients reduces cardiovascular morbidity.

Experiência com transplante cardíaco heterotópico em pacientes com resistência pulmonar elevada: seguimento tardio / Experiencia con trasplante cardíaco heterotópico en pacientes con resistencia pulmonar elevada: seguimiento tardío / Experience with heterotopic heart transplantation in patients with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance: late follow-up

FUNDAMENTO: Nos últimos anos o numero de artigos sobre transplante cardíaco heterotópico tem sido escasso na literatura, inclusive internacional, e em particular do seguimento de longo prazo destes pacientes, o que levou ao presente relato. OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência clínica inicial e evolução tardia de quatro pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco heterotópico, sua indicação e principais complicações. MÉTODOS: As cirurgias ocorreram entre 1992 e 2001, sendo que a indicação de transplante heterotópico, em todas, foi pela RVP, variável de 4,8UW a 6.5UW, com gradiente transpulmonar acima de 15mmHg. No 3º paciente, foi realizada uma anastomose direta entre as artérias pulmonares sem emprego de tubo protético e, no coração nativo, foi realizada uma valvoplastia mitral e aneurismectomia de ventrículo esquerdo (VE). O esquema imunossupressor imediato foi duplo com ciclosporina e azatioprina nos três primeiros pacientes e ciclosporina e micofenolato mofetil no 4º paciente. RESULTADOS: Um óbito imediato por falência do enxerto, um óbito após dois anos e meio por endocardite em trombo intraventricular no coração nativo, e um terceiro óbito seis anos após o transplante, por complicações pós-operatórias de cirurgia na valva aórtica do coração nativo. O remanescente, 15 anos após o transplante, encontra-se bem, em classe funcional II (NYHA), seis anos após a oclusão cirúrgica da valva aórtica do coração nativo. CONCLUSÃO: O transplante cardíaco heterotópico é um procedimento com resultado inferior ao transplante cardíaco ortotópico, por apresentarem maior RVP. Os trombos intraventriculares no coração nativo, que exigem anticoagulação prolongada, bem como as complicações de válvula aórtica, também no coração nativo, podem exigir tratamento cirúrgico. Entretanto, em um paciente, a sobrevida de 15 anos mostrou a eficácia de longo prazo desse tipo de alternativa, para pacientes selecionados.

BACKGROUND: Along the past few years the number of papers on heterotopic cardiac transplant has been very scarce in the medical literature, including at the international level; this is particularly true in reference to the long term follow-up of these patients and the reason which led to the presentation of our report. OBJECTIVE: To report the initial clinical experience and late evolution of 4 patients undergoing heterotopic heart transplantation, indications for this procedure and its major complications. METHODS: The surgeries were performed between 1992 and 2001, and all had as indication for heterotopic transplantation the PVR, which ranged from 4.8 WU to 6.5WU, with a transpulmonary gradient above 15mmHg. In the 3rd patient, a direct anastomosis between the pulmonary arteries was performed without the use of a prostetic tube, and a mitral valvuloplasty and a LV aneurysmectomy were performed in the native heart. The immediate immunosuppressive regimens were double, with cyclosporine and azathioprine in the first 3 patients, and cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil in the 4th patient. RESULTS: One immediate death occurred from graft failure, one death occurred after 2 ½ years, from endocarditis in an intraventricular thrombus in the native heart, and a third death occurred 6 years after transplantation, from post-operative complications of the aortic valve surgery in the native heart. The remaining patient is well, 15 years after the transplantation. This patient is in functional class II (NYHA), 6 years after a surgical occlusion of the native heart aortic valve. CONCLUSION: Heterotopic heart transplantation results are inferior to those of orthotopic heart transplantation because they present higher RVP. The intraventricular thrombi, in the native heart, which require prolonged anticoagulation, and aortic valve complications, also in the native heart, may require surgical treatment. However, a patient's 15-year survival has demonstrated ...

FUNDAMENTO: En los últimos años el número de artículos sobre trasplante cardíaco heterotópico y, en particular, del seguimiento a largo plazo de estos pacientes, ha sido escaso en la literatura, inclusive internacional, lo que llevó al presente relato. OBJETIVO: Relatar la experiencia clínica inicial y la evolución tardía de cuatro pacientes sometidos a trasplante cardíaco heterotópico, su indicación y principales complicaciones. MÉTODOS: Las cirugías se realizaron entre 1992 y 2001, y la indicación de trasplante heterotópico, en todas, fue mediante RVP, variable de 4,8 UW; a 6.5 UW, con gradiente transpulmonar superior a 15 mmHg. En el tercer paciente, se realizó una anastomosis directa entre las arterias pulmonares sin empleo de tubo prostético, y, en el corazón nativo, se realizó una valvuloplastia mitral y aneurismectomía de VI. El esquema inmunosupresor inmediato fue doble, con ciclosporina y azatioprina en los tres primeros pacientes y ciclosporina y micofenolato mofetil en el cuarto paciente. RESULTADOS: Un óbito inmediato por falla del injerto, un óbito luego de dos años y medio por endocarditis en trombo intraventricular en el corazón nativo, y un tercer óbito seis años después del trasplante, por complicaciones postoperatorias de una cirugía en la válvula aórtica del corazón nativo. El restante, 15 años después del trasplante, se encuentra bien, en clase funcional II (NYHA), seis años después de una oclusión quirúrgica de la válvula aórtica del corazón nativo. CONCLUSIÓN: El trasplante cardíaco heterotópico es un procedimiento con resultado inferior al trasplante cardíaco ortotópico, por presentar mayor RVP. Los trombos intraventriculares en el corazón nativo, que exige anticoagulación prolongada, así como las complicaciones de válvula aórtica, también en el corazón nativo, pueden exigir tratamiento quirúrgico. Sin embargo, en un paciente, la sobrevida de 15 años mostró la eficacia a largo plazo de este tipo de alternativa, ...

Pulmonary hypertension insights from experience of the last decade and highlights from the guidelines

Pulmonary-arterial hypertension [PAH] from any cause is more prevalent than previously believed and significant uncertainties remain regarding the diagnosis and optimal treatment of PAH. It is now recognized that effective treatment for one cause of PAH may not necessarily be useful for PAH from a different cause. This article reviews the contemporary definition, classification, and diagnosis of PAH, with a focus on recent developments in its treatment

Revisión contemporánea: hipertensión pulmonar / Contemporary review: pulmonary hypertension

El término hipertensión pulmonar comprende un grupo heterogéneo de condiciones con la capacidad común de generar incremento progresivo de la presión arterial pulmonar y cuyo resultado final puede derivar en dilatación ventricular derecha, falla cardíaca derecha y muerte. La hipertensión arterial pulmonar es una de sus formas y en las últimas décadas se ha producido un creciente interés sobre esta patología. En parte, mucho es debido al desarrollo y diponibilidad de tratamiento farmacológico e intervensiones específicas para una situación en la que, anteriormente, se contaba con limitados recursos terapéuticos y pronóstico invariablemente sombrío.

The term pulmonary hypertension encompasses a group of heterogeneous conditions with the common capacity to generate progressive increase in pulmonary arterial pressure for wicg the final result may derive in right heart dilatation, failure and death. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is one of its forms and in the last decadens a growing interest for this pathology has been encountered. This is largely due to the development and disposal of pharmacological treatment and specific interventions for a situation for which, in the past, limited resources were available and prognosis was invariably poor.

Alternativas terapéuticas en el tratamiento de la hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica / Therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertensión (CTPH) usually develops as a consequence of an unresolved pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Clinically it can evolucionate from different forms, being in many times similar in its presentation to the idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (IPH), motive by which is frequently misdiagnosed. The treatment of choice is the pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PT)... An unfrequent case of a patient with a diagnosis of CTPH submitted to non-conventional treatment with pulmonary angioplasty is reported, and later on a revision of diagnosis and treatment is presented.

Teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar / Testing pulmonary vasoreactivity

A hipertensão arterial pulmonar é classificada como idiopática ou secundária (associada a colagenoses, cardiopatias, hipertensão portal, tromboembolismo pulmonar e doenças da vasculatura pulmonar). O teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar é indicado para definir a melhor opção terapêutica. Muitas drogas têm sido utilizadas para a realização desse teste, sendo o óxido nítrico inalado a melhor opção, por apresentar ação específica pulmonar e meia vida muita curta (5-10 s). O resultado desse teste identifica candidatos à cirurgia cardíaca nas cardiopatias congênitas e candidatos ao uso de antagonista de cálcio nas outras formas de hipertensão pulmonar. A realização e interpretação do teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar exigem grande responsabilidade, e erros podem levar a decisões erradas e à ocorrência de óbitos.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is classified as idiopathic or secondary (associated with collagenoses, heart disease, portal hypertension, pulmonary thromboembolism, and pulmonary vascular diseases). Pulmonary vasoreactivity should be tested in order to define the best treatment option. Of the many drugs that have been used to test pulmonary vasoreactivity, inhaled nitric oxide is the best choice, due its specific pulmonary effect and very short half-life (5-10 s). The results of this test identify candidates for heart surgery among patients with congenital heart disease and candidates for the use of calcium antagonists among patients with other forms of pulmonary hypertension. Performing and interpreting the results of such tests are a great responsibility, since mistakes can lead to incorrect treatment decisions, resulting in the death of patients.

Modelos experimentais para avaliação das alterações pulmonares na síndrome hepatopulmonar / Experimental models for assessment of pulmonary alterations in hepatopulmonary syndrome

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o melhor modelo experimental para observar alterações pulmonares que caracterizam a síndrome hepatopulmonar (SHP). MÉTODOS: Ratos machos Wistar, com peso médio de 250 g foram usados em quatro modelos experimentais: tetracloreto de carbono inalatório; tetracloreto de carbono intraperitoneal; ligadura parcial de veia porta; e ligadura de ducto biliar (LDB). Em todos os grupos os animais foram divididos em controle e experimental. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: transaminases; gasometria; lipoperoxidação por substâncias que reagem ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e por quimiluminescência; e atividade antioxidante da enzima superóxido dismutase (SOD). Foi feito também o exame anatomopatológico do pulmão. RESULTADOS: Observou-se diferenças significativas entre os grupos LDB controle e experimental: aspartato amino transferase (105,3 ± 43 vs. 500,5 ± 90,3 UI/L); alanino aminotransferase (78,75 ± 37,7 vs. 162,75 ± 35,4 UI/L); fosfatase alcalina (160 ± 20,45 vs. 373,25 ± 45,44 UI/L); pressão parcial de oxigênio (85,25 ± 8,1 vs. 49,9 ± 22,5 mmHg); e saturação de hemoglobina (95 ± 0,7 vs. 73,3 ± 12,07 por cento). A lipoperoxidação e a atividade antioxidante também demonstrou diferenças entre os dois grupos LDB (controle vs. experimental): TBARS (0,87 ± 0,3 vs. 2,01 ± 0,9 nmol/mg proteína); quimiluminescência (16008,41 ± 1171,45 vs. 20250,36 ± 827,82 cps/mg proteína); e SOD (6,66 ± 1,34 vs. 16,06 ± 2,67 UI/mg proteína). No exame anatomopatológico observou-se vasodilatação pulmonar no modelo de LDB. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados sugerem que o modelo de LDB pode ser usado para outros estudos envolvendo alterações hepáticas e suas relações com o estresse oxidativo e a SHP.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the best experimental model in which to observe the pulmonary alterations characterizing hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). METHODS: Male Wistar rats, with mean weight of 250 g, were used in four experimental models: inhaled carbon tetrachloride; intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride; partial portal vein ligation; and bile duct ligation (BDL). The animals in all groups were divided into control and experimental subgroups. The following variables were measured: transaminase levels; blood gases; lipoperoxidation, using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and chemiluminescence; and levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) anti-oxidant activity. Anatomopathological examination of the lung was also performed. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the BDL control and BDL experimental groups: aspartate aminotransferase (105.3 ± 43 vs. 500.5 ± 90.3 IU/L); alanine aminotransferase (78.75 ± 37.7 vs. 162.75 ± 35.4 IU/L); alkaline phosphatase (160 ± 20.45 vs. 373.25 ± 45.44 IU/L); arterial oxygen tension (85.25 ± 8.1 vs. 49.9 ± 22.5 mmHg); and oxygen saturation (95 ± 0.7 vs. 73.3 ± 12.07 percent). Lipoperoxidation and antioxidant activity also differed significantly between the two BDL groups (control vs. experimental): TBARS (0.87 ± 0.3 vs. 2.01 ± 0.9 nmol/mg protein); chemiluminescence (16008.41 ± 1171.45 vs. 20250.36 ± 827.82 cps/mg protein); and SOD (6.66 ± 1.34 vs. 16.06 ± 2.67 IU/mg protein). The anatomopathological examination confirmed pulmonary vasodilatation in the BDL model. In the other models, there were no alterations that were characteristic of HPS. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained suggest that the BDL model can be used in future studies involving hepatic alterations related to oxidative stress and HPS.